Simulation of individual particle movement in a gravel streambed     

J. Mikael Malmaeus  Marwan A. Hassan 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2002,27(1):81-97

A two‐dimensional simulation model of travel distances of individual particles in a gravel‐bed river is presented. The model is based on a number of rules, which include particle size, entrainment, trajectory, distance of movement and entrapment. Particle interactions are controlled by resistance fields defined about each obstacle and critical elevation defined in the model. Resistance fields, particle dropping and critical elevation rules control particle interactions. The interaction rules cause the particles to develop pebble clusters, stone cells and transverse structures (transverse ribs). The simulated travel distances of individual particles are consistent with reported field results. Individual particle travel distances were simulated using two different models; one without interactions between the individual particles and the stationary bed and one with interactions. The case without interactions demonstrates the random nature of sediment transport, and narrow ranges of travel distances. Wider ranges of travel distances, similar to those for natural situations, were obtained for the cases with interactions. The more intense the interaction between the mobile stones and the stationary ones, the wider the range of distances of travel for a given particle size. Modelling the mean travel distance yielded a result similar to that published previously, which was based on empirical data. Well developed bed‐surface structures were obtained for relatively poorly sorted sediment with intense interactions between particles. Transverse structures developed when relatively large particles were allowed to move. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

New Early Cretaceous paleomagnetic results from Qilian orogenic belt and its tectonic implications     

杨天水  杨振宇  孙知明  林爱明 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2002,45(6):565-576

Lower Cretaceous red sedimentary rocks from the depositional basin of East Qilian fold belt have been collected for a paleomagnetic study. Stepwise thermal demagnetization reveals two or three components of magnetization from dark red sandstones. Low-temperature magnetic component is consistent with the present Earth Field direction in geographic coordinates. High-temperature magnetic components are mainly carried by hematite. The mean pole of 19 sites for high-temperature magnetic components after tilt-correction is λ=62.2°N, φ=193.4°E, A95=3.2°, and it passes fold tests at 99% confidence level and reversal tests at 95% confidence level. The paleopole is insignificantly different from that of Halim et al. (1998) from the same sampling area at the 95% confidence level. Compared with paleomagnetic results for North China, South China, and Eurasia, our results suggest that no significant relative latitudinal displacement has taken place between Lanzhou region and these blocks since Cretaceous time. Remarkably, the pole of Lanzhou shows a 20° clockwise rotation with respect to those of North China, South China, and Eurasia. Geological information indicates that the crustal shortening in the western part of Qilian is greater than that in eastern part. In this case, the clockwise rotation of sampling area was related to India/Eurasia collision, and this collision resulted in a left-lateral strike-slip motion of the Altun fault in north Tibetan Plateau after the Cretaceous.  相似文献   

On crustal movement in Mt. Qomolangma area     

陈俊勇  王泽民  庞尚益  张骥  张全德 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2002,45(3):233-240

Mt. Qomolangma lies in the collision zone between the fringe of Eurasia plate and Indian plate. The crustal movement there is still very active so far. In the past three decades China carried out five geodetic campaigns in Mt. Qomolangma and its north vicinal area, independently or cooperatively with other countries, including triangulation, leveling, GPS positioning, atmospheric, astronomical and gravity measurements. On the basis of the observation results achieved in the campaigns the crustal movements in the area were studied and explored. A non-stationary phenomenon both in time and space of the crustal vertical movement in the area is found. There seems to be some relevance between the phenomenon of non-stationary in time and seismic episode in China. The phenomenon of non-stationary in space is possibly relevant to the no-homo- geneity of crustal medium and non-uniform absorption of terrestrial stress. The horizontal crustal movement in the area is in the direction of NEE at a speed of 6–7 cm per year, and the trend of strike slip movement is manifested evidently in the collision fringe of Indian plate and Qinghai-Xizang block.  相似文献   

Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams.     

《The Professional geographer》2003,55(2):285-287

Patrick McCully. New York: Blackwell Publishing, 2001. ill and 416 pp., diags., notes, apps., and index. $69.95 cloth (ISBN 1856499014), $25.00 paper (ISBN 1856499022). Reviewed by Patrick H. Buckley, Department of Environmental Studies, Policy, Planning, Education, and Geography, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA.  相似文献   

河南濮阳西水坡新石器时代遗址瓣鳃类动物群的生态环境分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

郭书元  孙长虹 《古地理学报》2003,5(4):450-460

河南濮阳西水坡新石器时代遗址出土的瓣鳃类共有33种，其中31种组成了Lamprotula-Cuneopsis-Unio组合，称为西水坡丽蚌动物群，其时代为中全新世早期。据贝壳14C测年资料（6 465±45 a BP）和同层出土的陶器特征， 为仰韶文化早期（7 000～6 000 a BP）。该动物群与长江中,下游流域洞庭湖、鄱阳湖和太湖及其周围水域的现代丽蚌动物群组合特征非常接近，同属东洋界、中印亚界动物地理区， 亚热带湿热气候。根据该动物群反映的生态环境，仰韶文化早期该地区的古环境地处亚热带，气候湿热，雨量充沛，草木茂盛，河流成网，湖泊遍野，水质优良，水生生物丰富，优越的自然环境为先民提供了从事农耕、渔猎的生栖条件。  相似文献   

泥盆纪最早期牙形刺带化石在蒙古南戈壁幕使盖(Mushgai)地区"尕屋(Gavuu)"段的首次发现     

王成源  Ziegler W  Minjin Ch  Sersmaa G  Munchtsetseg J  Gereltsetseg L  Nadya I 《世界地质》2003,22(1):15-20

在蒙古南戈壁的Bayan—Khoshuu Ruins剖面原归入到志留系Mandalovoo组尕屋(Gavuu)段的地层中发现了牙形刺Caudicriodus woschimidti woschmidti，这是泥盆纪最早期牙形刺带化石在蒙古的首次发现。尕屋(Gavuu)段的下部属志留系，但其上部，即采集牙形刺样品M-9～M-12的层位肯定属下泥盆统(下洛霍考夫阶)，而不是下志留统。Mandalovoo组应当改为Mandalovoo群，它的三个段应提升为三个组。  相似文献   

论全吉运动     

阿延寿 《西北地质》2003,36(4):30-34

全吉运动发生于柴北缘地区的全吉山一带，除角度不整合的自然现象外，接触面上下岩层之岩性载然不同、变质程度迥异，同位素测试值显示，是一次强烈的区域动力变质构造运动。  相似文献   

大同地区早中生代煌斑岩—碳酸岩岩墙群   总被引：13，自引：7，他引：13  

邵济安  张永北等 《岩石学报》2003,19(1):93-104

大同地区密集分布的岩墙群由基性－超基性煌斑岩和碳酸岩组成，侵入石炭－二叠纪煤层中。与地层的接触关系和Rb-Sr,K-Ar同位素年代学数据表明墙群的侵位于晚三叠世。Sr,Nd同位素比值显示，碳酸岩和煌斑岩都来源于壳幔混合型岩浆源区。稳定元素比值和相容，不相容元素同等富集则表明是碳酸岩和硅酸盐混合的原始母岩浆液态不混熔的产物。 岩墙群形成的地质条件和构造背景表明，它们是在伸展构造背景下，受到不同级别的构造控制，大同岩墙群的研究对进一步认识华北早中生代岩石圈演化有重要的意义。  相似文献   

波浪作用下沙纹床面底层流动特性研究   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

蒋昌波  白玉川  赵子丹  张红武 《水科学进展》2003,14(3):333-340

涡动沙纹很大程度决定着床面阻力和波浪衰减,针对涡动沙纹作用下的绕流结构具有强二维特性,建立了立面二维曲线坐标下的数值模型.利用国外公开发表的试验数据进行验证,表明模型能模拟波浪作用下底层分离涡随时间、空间变化的动力特性,对底层流动的紊动特性、床面剪切应力的随时间、空间的变化以及涡动结构的尺度分别进行了讨论.  相似文献   

GPS技术应用于中国地壳运动研究的方法及初步结果   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

江在森  马宗晋  牛安福  张晓亮  王双绪  陈兵 《地学前缘》2003,10(1):71-79

文中主要就中国利用GPS等空间测地资料研究地壳运动、构造变形 ,以及用于地震预测探索方面 ,从方法技术和近年来取得的一些初步结果进行了概要性论述。介绍了利用GPS技术资料研究地壳水平运动速度场、水平应变场、建立地壳运动模型等方法研究的进展。由GPS观测给出的地壳水平运动初步结果表明 :中国大陆现时水平运动在全球参考系中为整体向东 ,并兼有顺时针扭转运动。西部地区构造形变强烈 ,整个青藏块体及其边界带 ,以及新疆西部是应变值最高的区域 ,水平应变场主压应变优势分布方向为近NE向 ,空间差异显著 ,反映了印度板块碰撞推挤和青藏块体强烈构造运动的影响。中国大陆东部水平运动的差异性不显著。强震分布于地壳运动的大小、方向显著变化的区域 ,大地震通常发生在水平剪应变高值区或其边缘 ,尤其是与区域主干断裂的构造活动背景相一致的剪应变率高值区。  相似文献